There are many bugs and oddities you might encounter when playing Quake. If you think that a certain one is missing below, please add it.
Quake returns to the operating system with an error message or does not even seem to start at all.
The game does not have enough memory allocated to load the map. This usually happens with very large maps. To be able to load it, the memory heap has to be increased manually by using the -heapsize # command line parameter when starting the game. For example: glquake.exe -heapsize 64000. For software rendered engines the commandline parameter is -mem # where # is the amount of RAM in megabytes, eg -mem 64.
Unless you are using a 3Dfx graphics card (you would know if you do so) this means that you should just go ahead and delete the file opengl32.dll from your Quake directory.
The engine tried to launch Quake in a resolution that your display does not support. Specify the video mode on the How to specify command line parameters or just use a modern client. Works best if you use the native resolution of your display.
Quake drops to the console with an error message.
Quake is a dark game. Not being able to see much is part of its atmosphere and you should keep it that way. If you are using one of the Recommended Quake Engines then you can use the brightness slider in the menu. If it does not have any effect, make sure to run the game with -bpp 32 in the How to specify command line parameters. Using the idgamma tool is not recommended.
You are using an ATI graphics chip? Add -bpp 32 to your commandline to force the engine to use 32 bit color depth.
Pass -no8bits as command line parameter or use a bugfixed engine.